Addams pronounces her opposition to the war, suffers public condemnation and self-doubt
Addams delivers a speech, “Pacifism and Patriotism in Time of War," in May, in Chicago, before the Chicago City Club, and again in Evanston (on June 10), at the First Congregational Church (1445 Hinman Avenue). She receives fierce criticism in the press and in letters and is called a traitor to her country. Hull House loses major donors. "Any spoken or written word," wrote a businessman in a letter to a Chicago newspaper, "that lessens the strength of the arm of the Government is a disloyal act" (Quoted in Levin, 221). The negative response to Addams opposition to the war - and especially the United States blockading the delivery of food to the people of belligerent nations - amounted to a repudiation of Addams' pacifism and the progressive causes she held dear. Public criticism of her, as well as the knowledge that she was under surveillance by the Department of Justice, compels Addams to recalibrate her peace advocacy. "I am obliged to walk very softly in regard to all things suspect," she writes a colleague (Quoted in Davis, 247).
Addams, Jane. “Patriotism and Pacifists in War Time.” The City Club Bulletin X.9 (1917): 184-90. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 14 June 2017.
<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In the essay \"Peace on Earth,\" published in the Christmas edition of The Ladies' Home Journal, Addams writes about international arbitration and a world court as well as the monetary costs for the up-keep of armaments. Addams also addresses social and political reforms as well as the development of a new internationalism. In the following years, specifically after the outbreak of World War I, Addams will further develop these ideas in others essays, in several speeches, and in her international travels to conferences and governments to discuss these ideas."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":[null,0],"4":[null,2,4884200],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":0,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Times New Roman","16":12}">In the essay "Peace on Earth," published in the Christmas edition of The Ladies' Home Journal, Addams writes about international arbitration and a world court as well as the monetary costs for the up-keep of armaments. Addams also addresses social and political reforms as well as the development of a new internationalism. In the following years, specifically after the outbreak of World War I, Addams will further develop these ideas in others essays, in several speeches, and in her international travels to conferences and governments to discuss these ideas.
Addams, Jane. “Peace on Earth.” Ladies’ Home Journal for Christmas 1913: 27. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017.
Addams reacts to the outbreak of the war
Addams despairs upon hearing the news that Europe is at war. She spots a German ocean liner anchored in Frenchman's Bay, Maine, not far from her summer cottage. She believes that the war will turn back the clock on social progress and take a toll on social services. Even so, she constantly remains confident that people of varying ethnicities and backgrounds can work together in harmony, often citing her work at Chicago's Hull House as a paramount example. This idea of internationalism and working together for peace follows her through the war and after.
Addams, Jane. “Passing of the War Virtues.” The Craftsman XXVII.1 (1914): 79-80. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017. “Moral Reaction of War Pointed.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 1 Oct. 1914: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams signs on as spokesperson and fund-raiser for the United States Food Administration
The United States Food Administration is established in August of 1917 for the purpose of relieving starvation in war-torn Europe. President Wilson appoints Herbert Hoover, the former head of the Belgian Relief Organization, to run the effort. (In 1914, Hoover, an American living at the time in England, founded the Belgian Relief Organization as a neutral body for the purpose of purchasing and distributing food to the people of German-occupied Belgium.) Hoover recruits Addams as a spokesperson and fundraiser for the Food Administration office. Dispirited by the negative public response to her opposition to the war, Addams throws herself into this new task and finds a reason to draw a connection between it and her quest for lasting peace, economic interdependence, and morality. She writes in Peace and Bread in Time of War: "I believe that a generous response to the world situation might afford an opportunity to lay over again the foundations for a wider international morality...a new powerful force might be loosened in the world when the motive for producing and shipping food on the part of the great nations was no longer a commercial one but had for the moment shifted to a desire to feed the hungry" (82-83). Addams undertakes a national speaking tour on behalf of the United States Food Administration.
“The Food Administration Bill.” The New York Times: 4 June 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,681: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.
Addams speaks at international law conference
At St. Paul's Chapel at Columbia University, Addams addresses the importance of a strong association labor organizations to the creation of a new international order. In the speech, one in a series she will make against militarism, Addams tells stories about the war on the Western Front. These stories tell of the brutal reality men in the trenches face and how civility, mercy, and compassion are found and shared between "enemies." She says people have been instilled with a false sense of patriotism.
“Sees end of War in Brotherhood.” The New York Times: 12 Mar. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,866: 7. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams speaks at national suffrage convention
Addams speaks at a national suffrage convention at the Columbia Theatre in Washington. The women urge President Wilson to endorse women's suffrage. The New York Times reports that nearly one thousand women representing every state, Hawaii, and Alaska attend. The National American Women's Suffrage Association's forty-fifth annual convention opens at the New Masonic Temple with a welcoming address from Oliver P. Newman. Other speakers at the convention include Jane Addams. Officers of the association are to have a meeting before the House Committee on Rules to ask for the creation of a Suffrage Committee on the first of December.
“Women at Capital Hold Mass Meeting.” The New York Times: 1 Dec. 1913, vol. LXIII no. 20,400: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams speaks at a peace conference at the Hotel La Salle in Chicago. The international conference is free and open to the public. The purpose of the meeting is to adopt a plan for an early end of the war and find ways to promote it.
“Notables Due at Peace Rally.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 22 Feb. 1915: 3. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams speaks at a mass meeting at the Central YMCA regarding peace between the United States and Mexico. Resolutions attempting to bring peace between the two countries are passed. The resolutions ask for the suspension of military and naval operations during peace negotiations. Addams is already thoroughly involved in peace advocacy in the years before and the months leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. Less than two months from this meeting, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated, throwing Europe into war.
“Chicagoans Like Peace Plans.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1914: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams speaks out against the Palmer Raids
At Recital Hall, on Michigan Avenue, in Chicago, Addams gives an address in which she is critical of the government's having rounded up and arrested, for the purpose of deportation, suspected radicals affiliated with socialist, anarchist, and other political causes deemed threatening to the United States. Addams is again criticized in the press, with one paper calling her a "philosophical anarchist" and suffering under a "spirit of sublime detachment" from the threat radicals posed to the country. Addams responds by questioning the propriety of the methods employed in the raids as unjust and unlawful, but she concedes that some caught up in the raids were probably dangerous characters. "We come around to the old situation," she wrote, "that an injustice against the most wretched man in the community is, in the end, an injustice against all of us." (Levine, 234)
“Deportation of Radicals Rapped By Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 23 Feb. 1920: 17. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Jane Addams Heads Meeting of Protest on Deportations.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.
Addams speaks before the Chicago Woman's Club about the police and the spike in the number of arrests the year before. Chicago sees close to 84,000 arrests in 1913 (comparatively, Chicago sees close to 50,000 arrests by mid December of 2016). Addams informs the Chicago Women's Club that nearly 42,000 of those cases are dismissed and that some 25,000 of the 42,000 are people under the age of twenty-five. She addresses the corruption seen in Chicago's police force. Her solution to creating a less negative police force is to induct women into the force.
“Too Many Arrests, Says Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 5 Feb. 1914: 10. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams testifies before House Foreign Affairs Committee on Hague Conference
With Lucia Ames Mead and Sophonisba Breckenridge, Addams give testimony before the United States House of Representative's Committee on Foreign Affairs on the plan for an international conference of neutral countries for the purpose of bringing an end to the war in Europe. The delegates to the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace had called for such a conference the previous spring, during their conference in the Hague, Netherlands. Addams also reported on her meetings, after the congress, with public officials and peace advocates, in many of the European capitals.
Addams, Jane. “A Conference of Neutrals.” The Survey XXXV.17 (1916): 495. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017. “Jane Addams Urges Peace Mediation.” The New York Times: 12 Jan. 1916, vol. LXV no. 21,172: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Statement of Miss Jane Addams and Others.” Commission for Enduring Peace. Hearing Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Sixty-Fourth Congress, First Session on H.R. 6921 and H.J. Res. 32, 11 Jan 1916. Washington Government Publishing Office 1916. ILLiad. Web. 16 June 2017
Addams tours the United States on behalf of famine relief efforts in Europe
Upon her return to the United States Addams travels across the country to raise funds for famine relief in Germany. Her reception is not without controversy, however, as some accuse her of "Germanism" for her pacifist beliefs and activities on behalf of the German people.
Addams, Jane and Alice Hamilton. “After the Lean Years: Impressions of Food Conditions in Germany When Peace Was Signed.” The Survey XLII.23 (1919): 793-97. Archive.org/ Web. 27 June 2017. “Huge Relief Supplies Win Against Famine.” The New York Times: 19 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,395: 27. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Vast Amounts of Foodstuffs Sent to Europe.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1919: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017. “War on Famine Just Beginning, Hoover Warns.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.
Addams undertakes a national speaking tour on behalf of the United States Food Administration.
Though Wilson and Addams found themselves on opposite sides of the war, and Addams had been vilified and was under government surveillance, Wilson expresses "peculiar gratification" for her continued political support. (Quoted in Linn, Jane Addams, p. 329. In Second Twenty Years at Hull House, however, Addams expresses frustration and disappointment with Wilson for not having taken up her call for international mediation to end the war in 1915, and waiting instead until 1917, by which time it was, in Wilson's words, " too late."
Addams, Jane. "The Democratic Ideal in World Organization: Labor as a Factor in the Newer Conception of International Relationships." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science: The Foreign Relations of the United States. Ed. Henry Raymond Mussey and Stephen Pierce Duggan. vol. VII no. 2. Columbia University, New York: The Academy of Political Science, 1917. 282-88. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 27 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "Social Problems of the War and Reconstruction; General Session: World's Food and World Politics." Proceeding of the National Conference of Social Work: Chicago: Rodgers and Hall Co., 1919. 650-56. Forty-Fifth Annual Session in Kansas City, Missouri on May 15-22, 1918. Google Play Books. Web. 23 June 2017. Addams, Jane. “The World’s Food Supply and Women’s Obligation.” The Journal of Home Economics X.9 (1918): 389-400. Google Play Books. Web. 27 June 2017. Rev. W. B. Norton. “World Cry for Bread to Help Peace League.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 7 Oct. 1918: 7. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams, Alice Hamilton, and a group of Quakers from the United States and England visit Germany and survey the efforts of the Society of Friends to relieve hunger. In Leipzig, they observed hungry and malnourished school children and speak with medical professionals who reported outbreaks of various diseases, including typhus and tuberculosis. Addams is criticized by an English Quaker for having shared a meal with American soldiers while in Berlin. "If I found a wounded soldier in uniform at my door, I would not take him in," said the English woman. "Oh, I think you would," Addams replied. "You would take him in, and feed him, and take off his uniform. Isn't that what we are working for - to feed the world at our doorstep, and take off his uniform?" (Quoted in Linn, 346.)
“Berlin Street Battle Wakens Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 11 Jul. 1919: 6. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Jane Addams Goes to Berlin on Food Mission.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 3 Jul. 1919: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017. “Miss Addams On Mission.” The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,440: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.
Addams writes Wilson a letter opposing military preparedness
President Wilson asks Congress to finance a number of new naval ships and aircraft carriers. The country begins a heated debate about American military preparedness. Addams and other peace activities mobilize against an increase in military spending and the size of the U.S. military. Addams claims that steps to increase military spending are unjustified because the United States faces no imminent threat to its national security. In Addams' opinion, Europe has exhausted its resources. Protected by two oceans, America, Addams conveys to Wilson, has no reason to prepare for war against "hypothetical" enemies.
Addams, Jane. “A Protest Against Preparedness: A Letter to President Wilson.” The Commoner (Lincoln, Neb): 1 Nov. 1915, vol. XV no. 11: 6. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Web. 27 June 2017
The speech is later published under the title "Patriotism and Pacifists in War Time” in The City Club Bulletin 10 (16 June 1917): 184-190. The negative response to Addams opposition to the war - and especially the United States blockading the delivery of food to the people of belligerent nations - amounted to a repudiation of Addams' pacifism and the progressive causes she held dear. Public criticism of her, as well as knowledge that she was under surveillance by the Department of Justice, compels Addams to recalibrate her peace advocacy. "I am obliged to walk very softly in regard to all things suspect," she writes a colleague. (Quoted in Davis, American Heroine, p. 247.
Addams, Jane. “Patriotism and Pacifists in War Time.” The City Club Bulletin X.9 (1917): 184-90. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 14 June 2017. “Carter Dissents to Jane Addams’ Views on War.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 11 Jun. 1917: 13. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams' essay "Feed the World and Save the League" appears in New Republic
Addams, Jane. “Feed the World and Save the League.” New Republic (24 November 1920): 325-327. The New Republic 19-21: 1919-20. Print. 12 June 2017.
Addams' essay "Nationalism a Dogma?" appears in The Survey
Addams, Jane. “Nationalism, a Dogma?” The Survey XLIII.15 (1920): 524-6. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017.
Addams' reaction to peace negotiations opening in Paris
Since the outbreak of the war in Europe, Addams has been at the forefront of the peace movement. From international conferences to meetings and essays, Addams has fine-tuned her ideas on internationalism. She promotes international leagues for arbitration as well as economic pressure in replace of militarism. For Addams, the association of labor is the new internationalism. Some of the points Addams supports are taken to the negotiation table in Paris by President Wilson. Unfortunately, Britain and France successfully keep many of these points out of the eventual treaty.
“Jane Addams Explains Plan of World League.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 15. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 15 June 2017. “The League and the End of the War.” The New York Times: 23 Dec. 1918, vol. LXVIII no. 22,248: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.
Addams' response to the sinking of the Lusitania
Addams arrives in London two days after the sinking of the Lusitania. She writes that one component of the continuation of the war is the way propaganda portrays certain events. As for the sinking of the Lusitania, she observes that London papers report the sinking as a tremendous atrocity committed by the German Empire, while German papers represent the Lusitania as a legitimate target because it carries war munitions. Addams finds that the exploits of war modify the justifications for war and create a fanatical patriotism.
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017.
"That in the event that said premises herein described shall be conveyed or leased by the grantees or any of the successors in title of the grantee to any person who is not a Caucasian…" (Source: Plat #13884000, Platbook 361, Page 11. Recorded: September 4, 1946. Expired: January 1, 1980) Back to Restricted Chicago Homepage
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Demographic Information Note: all demographic information below is from tract-level US Census data. Mobile device users: click and hold each chart/graph to open a bigger image in a new tab. 1950 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race Types of Housing 1960 Data Education Employment Occupancy by Race Ownership Race 1970 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing 1980 Data Education Employment Occupancy Race Types of Housing
Addition to Evergreen Park Hills - Google Earth
Adolphus G. Busch Manufacturing Company: Bottle Base (CHAP 2015) and Advertisement (1899).
An aqua base of a bottle manufactured by the Adolphus G. Busch Manufacturing Company between 1908 and 1920, and an advertisement for the company from 1899, seven years after the company was incorporated.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/carlylehold/6492543417 (advertisement)
Rebecca Graff (photograph) Public Domain (advertisement)
By Chicago Bureau (Federal Bureau of Investigation) - Wide World Photos [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Albert H. Ahrens Homestead Acres Subdivision
"No portion of said property shall ever be leased, rented, sold or conveyed to, or occupied by any person who is not of the Caucasian race, except in capacity of domestic servant employed by the owner of said property." (Source: Plat #14126112, Platbook 366, Page 37. Recorded: August 19, 1947. Expired: January 1, 1960.)
Albert L. Bouffard's Berkshire Lane Subdivision
"No person of any race other than the Caucasian race shall use or occupy any building or any lot, except that this Covenant shall not prevent occupancy by domestic servants of a different race domiciled with an owner or tenant." (Source: Plat #14871139, Platbook 384, Page 48. Recorded: August 8, 1950. Expired: January 1, 1975.)
Albert Roullier Art Rooms at the Fine Arts Building and Annex-Historic Image
Interior Image of the Main Entrance to the Fine Arts Building Albert Roullier Art Rooms (7th Floor).
The Book of the Fine Arts Building (1907), Public domain
Album Cover for "Souvenir Music from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893" (cover)
CD album Cover for "Souvenir Music from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893"