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Addams' response to the sinking of the Lusitania
Addams arrives in London two days after the sinking of the Lusitania. She writes that one component of the continuation of the war is the way propaganda portrays certain events. As for the sinking of the Lusitania, she observes that London papers report the sinking as a tremendous atrocity committed by the German Empire, while German papers represent the Lusitania as a legitimate target because it carries war munitions. Addams finds that the exploits of war modify the justifications for war and create a fanatical patriotism.
Addams, Jane. “Factors in Continuing the War.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 124-41. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017.
The Noordam is stopped near Dover for four days
As The Noordam travels through the English Channel on its way to Rotterdam, it is stopped once again. The ship sits off the coast of Dover for four days. The delegate's telegrams are censored, and no one is allowed to disembark. Ships from the British fleet, alongside ships from the fleets of neutral nations, including Spain, Norway, Greece, and the United States, surround The Noordam. As the women watch the date of the conference approach, their ship is finally allowed to proceed to the Netherlands.
Balch, Emily. “Journey and Impressions of the Congress.” Women at The Hague. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915. 1-21. Google Play Books. Web. 7 June 2017.
Upon entering the English Channel, the ship is stopped by a British naval vessel and two German stowaways are taken off of The Noordam. A few months earlier, in February of 1915, Germany declares a policy of submarine warfare against neutral shipping. Not long after the American delegates arrive in Europe, German submarines sink The Lusitania.
Addams' essay "Nationalism a Dogma?" appears in The Survey
Addams, Jane. “Nationalism, a Dogma?” The Survey XLIII.15 (1920): 524-6. Archive.org. Web. 31 May 2017.
Addams tours the United States on behalf of famine relief efforts in Europe
Upon her return to the United States Addams travels across the country to raise funds for famine relief in Germany. Her reception is not without controversy, however, as some accuse her of "Germanism" for her pacifist beliefs and activities on behalf of the German people.
Addams, Jane and Alice Hamilton. “After the Lean Years: Impressions of Food Conditions in Germany When Peace Was Signed.” The Survey XLII.23 (1919): 793-97. Archive.org/ Web. 27 June 2017. “Huge Relief Supplies Win Against Famine.” The New York Times: 19 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,395: 27. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Vast Amounts of Foodstuffs Sent to Europe.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1919: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017. “War on Famine Just Beginning, Hoover Warns.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.
Addams undertakes a national speaking tour on behalf of the United States Food Administration.
Though Wilson and Addams found themselves on opposite sides of the war, and Addams had been vilified and was under government surveillance, Wilson expresses "peculiar gratification" for her continued political support. (Quoted in Linn, Jane Addams, p. 329. In Second Twenty Years at Hull House, however, Addams expresses frustration and disappointment with Wilson for not having taken up her call for international mediation to end the war in 1915, and waiting instead until 1917, by which time it was, in Wilson's words, " too late."
Addams, Jane. "The Democratic Ideal in World Organization: Labor as a Factor in the Newer Conception of International Relationships." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science: The Foreign Relations of the United States. Ed. Henry Raymond Mussey and Stephen Pierce Duggan. vol. VII no. 2. Columbia University, New York: The Academy of Political Science, 1917. 282-88. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 27 June 2017. Addams, Jane. "Social Problems of the War and Reconstruction; General Session: World's Food and World Politics." Proceeding of the National Conference of Social Work: Chicago: Rodgers and Hall Co., 1919. 650-56. Forty-Fifth Annual Session in Kansas City, Missouri on May 15-22, 1918. Google Play Books. Web. 23 June 2017. Addams, Jane. “The World’s Food Supply and Women’s Obligation.” The Journal of Home Economics X.9 (1918): 389-400. Google Play Books. Web. 27 June 2017. Rev. W. B. Norton. “World Cry for Bread to Help Peace League.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 7 Oct. 1918: 7. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Wilson addresses the nation on why they are fighting the war
“The President’s Address to Congress.” The New York Times: 5 Dec. 1917, vol. LXVII no. 21,865: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web 15 June 2017. “Wilson Today to Tell World Why We Fight.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 4 Dec. 1917: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.
Addams writes Wilson a letter opposing military preparedness
President Wilson asks Congress to finance a number of new naval ships and aircraft carriers. The country begins a heated debate about American military preparedness. Addams and other peace activities mobilize against an increase in military spending and the size of the U.S. military. Addams claims that steps to increase military spending are unjustified because the United States faces no imminent threat to its national security. In Addams' opinion, Europe has exhausted its resources. Protected by two oceans, America, Addams conveys to Wilson, has no reason to prepare for war against "hypothetical" enemies.
Addams, Jane. “A Protest Against Preparedness: A Letter to President Wilson.” The Commoner (Lincoln, Neb): 1 Nov. 1915, vol. XV no. 11: 6. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Web. 27 June 2017
Addams speaks at international law conference
At St. Paul's Chapel at Columbia University, Addams addresses the importance of a strong association labor organizations to the creation of a new international order. In the speech, one in a series she will make against militarism, Addams tells stories about the war on the Western Front. These stories tell of the brutal reality men in the trenches face and how civility, mercy, and compassion are found and shared between "enemies." She says people have been instilled with a false sense of patriotism.
“Sees end of War in Brotherhood.” The New York Times: 12 Mar. 1915, vol. LXIV no. 20,866: 7. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017.
Addams speaks at a peace conference at the Hotel La Salle in Chicago. The international conference is free and open to the public. The purpose of the meeting is to adopt a plan for an early end of the war and find ways to promote it.
“Notables Due at Peace Rally.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 22 Feb. 1915: 3. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams elected president of the Chicago Emergency Federation (CEF).
The platform of the Chicago Emergency Federation (CEF) includes various peace proposals, including a league of nations, international arbitration treaties, arms control, international courts, democratic control of foreign policies, an end to secret treaties, a conference of neutral nations, and an unoffical conference of experts in international law to mediate among the warring nations and help set forth an armistice.
“For a Peace Conference of Neutral Nations.” The Survey XXXIII.15 (1915): 597-8. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 23 June 2017. “National Efforts Crystalizing for Peace.” The Survey XXXIII.15 (1915): 393-4. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 23 June 2017.
Addams speaks at a mass meeting at the Central YMCA regarding peace between the United States and Mexico. Resolutions attempting to bring peace between the two countries are passed. The resolutions ask for the suspension of military and naval operations during peace negotiations. Addams is already thoroughly involved in peace advocacy in the years before and the months leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. Less than two months from this meeting, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated, throwing Europe into war.
“Chicagoans Like Peace Plans.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1914: 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"In the essay \"Peace on Earth,\" published in the Christmas edition of The Ladies' Home Journal, Addams writes about international arbitration and a world court as well as the monetary costs for the up-keep of armaments. Addams also addresses social and political reforms as well as the development of a new internationalism. In the following years, specifically after the outbreak of World War I, Addams will further develop these ideas in others essays, in several speeches, and in her international travels to conferences and governments to discuss these ideas."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":15359,"3":[null,0],"4":[null,2,4884200],"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":[null,2,0]},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":0,"11":4,"12":0,"14":[null,2,0],"15":"Times New Roman","16":12}">In the essay "Peace on Earth," published in the Christmas edition of The Ladies' Home Journal, Addams writes about international arbitration and a world court as well as the monetary costs for the up-keep of armaments. Addams also addresses social and political reforms as well as the development of a new internationalism. In the following years, specifically after the outbreak of World War I, Addams will further develop these ideas in others essays, in several speeches, and in her international travels to conferences and governments to discuss these ideas.
Addams, Jane. “Peace on Earth.” Ladies’ Home Journal for Christmas 1913: 27. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 3 June 2017.
Woodrow Wilson is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
Addams shares with her friend Emily Balch her disappointment at not having won the Nobel Peace Prize herself.
“Wilson Will Get Nobel Peace Prize, Sweden Reports.” The New York Times: 21 Nov. 1920, vol. LXX no. 22,947: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams' essay "Feed the World and Save the League" appears in New Republic
Addams, Jane. “Feed the World and Save the League.” New Republic (24 November 1920): 325-327. The New Republic 19-21: 1919-20. Print. 12 June 2017.
Addams speaks out against the Palmer Raids
At Recital Hall, on Michigan Avenue, in Chicago, Addams gives an address in which she is critical of the government's having rounded up and arrested, for the purpose of deportation, suspected radicals affiliated with socialist, anarchist, and other political causes deemed threatening to the United States. Addams is again criticized in the press, with one paper calling her a "philosophical anarchist" and suffering under a "spirit of sublime detachment" from the threat radicals posed to the country. Addams responds by questioning the propriety of the methods employed in the raids as unjust and unlawful, but she concedes that some caught up in the raids were probably dangerous characters. "We come around to the old situation," she wrote, "that an injustice against the most wretched man in the community is, in the end, an injustice against all of us." (Levine, 234)
“Deportation of Radicals Rapped By Jane Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 23 Feb. 1920: 17. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Jane Addams Heads Meeting of Protest on Deportations.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 2. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017.
Addams, Alice Hamilton, and a group of Quakers from the United States and England visit Germany and survey the efforts of the Society of Friends to relieve hunger. In Leipzig, they observed hungry and malnourished school children and speak with medical professionals who reported outbreaks of various diseases, including typhus and tuberculosis. Addams is criticized by an English Quaker for having shared a meal with American soldiers while in Berlin. "If I found a wounded soldier in uniform at my door, I would not take him in," said the English woman. "Oh, I think you would," Addams replied. "You would take him in, and feed him, and take off his uniform. Isn't that what we are working for - to feed the world at our doorstep, and take off his uniform?" (Quoted in Linn, 346.)
“Berlin Street Battle Wakens Miss Addams.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 11 Jul. 1919: 6. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. “Jane Addams Goes to Berlin on Food Mission.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 3 Jul. 1919: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017. “Miss Addams On Mission.” The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,440: 3. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.
The Women's International League meets, in Zurich, concurrent with the closing of the Paris Peace Conference
The announcement of the final terms of the war settlement stun Addams and the other delegates, who pass resolutions rejecting the treaty and calling for major revisions of it. The delegates also rename their organization the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Addams gives three addresses at the Congress. Alice Hamilton describes the opening session: ""The big room is full of a subdued Babel of many tongues, up on the platform which is charmingly decorated, is the lady surrounded by seven selected women of the different countries and in a few minutes she will make her opening address." (Quoted in Joslin, Jane Addams, p. 194. See footnote 124.
“Men Have Made a Mess of Peace, Women Assert.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 17 May 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017. “Report of the Second International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom, Zürich, 1919.” Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 13 July 2017. “Women Go Abroad to World Congress.” The New York Times: 10 Apr. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,356: 24. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Women Meet at Zurich.” The New York Times 4 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,390: 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. “Women as ‘Permanent Peacemakers.’” The New York Times; Magazine Section: 22 Jun. 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,429: 78, 80. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Women’s Conference Will Fight Treaty.” The New York Times 20 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,396: 5. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017. “World Women Demand Change in Peace Treaty.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 19 May 1919: 10. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.
The New York State Senate includes Addams on a list of "Radicals and Pacifists"
A foreboding of the Red Scare, Archibald Stevenson, a staffer of a New York State Senate sub-committee investigating German propaganda during the First World War, produces a list of "Radicals and Pacifists," which includes Addams and her long-time associate Lilian Wald. The product of the investigation, the Lusk Report links peace and women's groups to communism and Soviet Bolshevism. Addams is quick to respond: "I am a pacifist. I am a member of many pacifist organizations - national and international and head of several of them, but I have been loyal to my country." Thus begins a decade in which Addams is subject to broad condemnation for her peace activism and alleged associations with radicals. (Quoted in Davis, 253.)
“Huge Relief Supplies Win Against Famine.” The New York Times: 19 May 1919, vol. LXVIII no. 22,395: 27. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Vast Amounts of Foodstuffs Sent to Europe.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 14 Apr. 1919: 5. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017. “War on Famine Just Beginning, Hoover Warns.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 28 Apr. 1919: 4. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 15 June 2017.
Addams' reaction to peace negotiations opening in Paris
Since the outbreak of the war in Europe, Addams has been at the forefront of the peace movement. From international conferences to meetings and essays, Addams has fine-tuned her ideas on internationalism. She promotes international leagues for arbitration as well as economic pressure in replace of militarism. For Addams, the association of labor is the new internationalism. Some of the points Addams supports are taken to the negotiation table in Paris by President Wilson. Unfortunately, Britain and France successfully keep many of these points out of the eventual treaty.
“Jane Addams Explains Plan of World League.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 15. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 15 June 2017. “The League and the End of the War.” The New York Times: 23 Dec. 1918, vol. LXVIII no. 22,248: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.
Addams is criticized for withdrawing from leading the war opposition following the armistice
In the weeks that follow, Addams is criticized by some women peace activists in Europe for her having withdrawn, in 1915, from her leadership role in opposing the war. She also comes under attack from opponents of the peace movement. Among them is New York State Senator Archibald E. Stevenson, who includes her in a published list of European radicals.
“Armistice Signed, End of the War! Berlin Seized by Revolutionists; New Chancellor Begs for Order; Ousted Kaiser Flees to Holland.” The New York Times: 11 Nov. 1918, vol. LXVIII no. 22,206: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017. “German Woman Ask Food Help.” The New York Times: 15 Nov. 1918, vol. LXVIII no. 22,210: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “War Ends at 6 O’clock This Morning.” The New York Times: 11 Nov. 1918, vol. LXVIII no. 22,206: 1, 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams signs on as spokesperson and fund-raiser for the United States Food Administration
The United States Food Administration is established in August of 1917 for the purpose of relieving starvation in war-torn Europe. President Wilson appoints Herbert Hoover, the former head of the Belgian Relief Organization, to run the effort. (In 1914, Hoover, an American living at the time in England, founded the Belgian Relief Organization as a neutral body for the purpose of purchasing and distributing food to the people of German-occupied Belgium.) Hoover recruits Addams as a spokesperson and fundraiser for the Food Administration office. Dispirited by the negative public response to her opposition to the war, Addams throws herself into this new task and finds a reason to draw a connection between it and her quest for lasting peace, economic interdependence, and morality. She writes in Peace and Bread in Time of War: "I believe that a generous response to the world situation might afford an opportunity to lay over again the foundations for a wider international morality...a new powerful force might be loosened in the world when the motive for producing and shipping food on the part of the great nations was no longer a commercial one but had for the moment shifted to a desire to feed the hungry" (82-83). Addams undertakes a national speaking tour on behalf of the United States Food Administration.
“The Food Administration Bill.” The New York Times: 4 June 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,681: 10. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 10 June 2017.
Creation of National Civil Liberty Bureau
The American Union Against Militarism and the Fellowship of Reconciliation – Addams sits on both boards – agree to create a new National Civil Liberties Bureau to fight for free speech and the rights of conscientious objectors. Addams agrees to serve on the new bureau’s board of directors.
“Bureau to Defend Lovers of Peace.” The New York Times: 3 Jul. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,710: 5. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017.
The speech is later published under the title "Patriotism and Pacifists in War Time” in The City Club Bulletin 10 (16 June 1917): 184-190. The negative response to Addams opposition to the war - and especially the United States blockading the delivery of food to the people of belligerent nations - amounted to a repudiation of Addams' pacifism and the progressive causes she held dear. Public criticism of her, as well as knowledge that she was under surveillance by the Department of Justice, compels Addams to recalibrate her peace advocacy. "I am obliged to walk very softly in regard to all things suspect," she writes a colleague. (Quoted in Davis, American Heroine, p. 247.
Addams, Jane. “Patriotism and Pacifists in War Time.” The City Club Bulletin X.9 (1917): 184-90. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 14 June 2017. “Carter Dissents to Jane Addams’ Views on War.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 11 Jun. 1917: 13. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. Web. 12 June 2017.
Addams pronounces her opposition to the war, suffers public condemnation and self-doubt
Addams delivers a speech, “Pacifism and Patriotism in Time of War," in May, in Chicago, before the Chicago City Club, and again in Evanston (on June 10), at the First Congregational Church (1445 Hinman Avenue). She receives fierce criticism in the press and in letters and is called a traitor to her country. Hull House loses major donors. "Any spoken or written word," wrote a businessman in a letter to a Chicago newspaper, "that lessens the strength of the arm of the Government is a disloyal act" (Quoted in Levin, 221). The negative response to Addams opposition to the war - and especially the United States blockading the delivery of food to the people of belligerent nations - amounted to a repudiation of Addams' pacifism and the progressive causes she held dear. Public criticism of her, as well as the knowledge that she was under surveillance by the Department of Justice, compels Addams to recalibrate her peace advocacy. "I am obliged to walk very softly in regard to all things suspect," she writes a colleague (Quoted in Davis, 247).
Addams, Jane. “Patriotism and Pacifists in War Time.” The City Club Bulletin X.9 (1917): 184-90. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 14 June 2017.
Addams opposes laws on conscription and limiting civil liberties
Congress adopts the Conscription Act and the Espionage Act. During hearings for both the conscription legislation, Addams and others ask, without success, for Congress to add an exemption for draft-age men who have ethical or broadly religious objections to military service (those belonging to certain specific sects are already exempted). During hearings for the espionage legislation, Addams and others ask Congress to clarify that citizens may promote alternatives to war and oppose the draft without being in violation of the Espionage Act, but, again, they are unsuccessful. Addams and other sign a telegram to Wilson, opposing the Overman Bill limiting civil liberties, asserting that it "threatens the liberty of speech and activity of the citizens of the United States and is dangerous to Democratic institutions." (Quoted in Joslin, 186. See footnote 92.)
“Statement of Miss Jane Addams.” Espionage and Interference with Neutrality. Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, Sixty-Fifth Congress, First Session on H.R. 291, 9-12 Apr. 1917. Washington Government Publishing Office 1917, 50-52. Archive.org. Web. 14 June 2017.
Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war on Germany
Ending his policy of neutrality, President Wilson goes before Congress and asks for a formal war declaration against Germany. Congress passes a war declaration on April 6. The Senate passes the resolution 82-6. The House also does so, 373-50.
“Senate, 82 to 6, Adopts War Declaration; Its Opponents Scored; House Acts Today; Berlin Fears Our Influence on Russia.” The New York Times: 5 Apr. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,621: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017. “Text of War Resolution Adopted by Senate and the Detailed Vote Upon its Passage.” The New York Times: 5 Apr. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,621: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Wilson and Cabinet Plan 5 Years’ War.” Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922): 10 Nov. 1917: 1. Tribune Publishing Company. ProQuest. 12 June 2017. Wilson, Woodrow. “Proclamation of State of War and of Alien Enemy Regulations, April 6, 1917.” President Wilson's state papers and addresses, with editorial notes, a biographical sketch, an introduction and an analytical index. New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1918. 383-87. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 16 June 2017. Wilson, Woodrow. “Wilson’s Address to Congress Advising that Germany’s Course be Declared War Against the United States (Delivered in Joint Session, April 2, 1917).” President Wilson's state papers and addresses, with editorial notes, a biographical sketch, an introduction and an analytical index. New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1918. 372-83. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 16 June 2017.
Public mood toward The Great War changes
News of German subs sinking three American ships as well as German secret negotiation with Mexio come up before Wilson declares war. Addams and Mary ? spend the month in a large estate in Flordia.
“Germany Seeks an Alliance Against US; Asks Japan and Mexico to Join Her; Full Text of Her Proposal Made Public.” The New York Times: 1 Mar. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,586: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017. “Plot Awakens Congress.” The New York Times: 2 Mar. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,587: 1, 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Text of Germany’s Proposal to Form an Alliance With Mexico and Japan Against the United States.” The New York Times: 1 Mar. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,586: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “U-Boats Sink Ten More Ships; One American is Killed; Gerard Held, Berlin Presses Treaty to Guard Germans Here; Accumulation of German Offenses May Cause Action.” The New York Times: 9 Feb. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,566: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 15 June 2017. “Washington Exposes Plot.” The New York Times: 1 Mar. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,586: 1, 2. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 8 June 2017. “Zimmerman Says Again Neutral Ships Will Be Sunk.” The New York Times 1 Mar. 1917, vol. LXVI no. 21,586: 1. The New York Times Company. NYTimes Search. Web. 12 June 2017.